| Feature | Hub | Switch | Router |
|---|---|---|---|
| OSI Layer | 1 — Physical | 2 — Data Link | 3 — Network |
| Addressing | None | MAC address | IP address |
| Collision Domain | One per hub (all share) | One per port (isolated) | One per port (isolated) |
| Broadcast Domain | One (all ports) | One VLAN (all ports) | One per interface |
| Forwarding method | Floods all ports always | MAC table lookup | Routing table (IP) |
| Duplex | Half (CSMA/CD required) | Full duplex per port | Full duplex |
| Stores & Forwards | No (repeats bits) | Yes (checks errors) | Yes (checks headers) |
| Connects | Devices on same LAN | Devices on same network | Different networks |
| Speed impact | Degrades with more hosts | Dedicated per port | Dedicated per port |
| Used today? | No — obsolete | Yes — everywhere | Yes — essential |